Uncategorized – Caleb Health Consult

DIABETES MELLITUS

Did you know diabetes mellitus is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, lower limb amputation and stroke?

Globally an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes mellitus according to the world health organization (WHO) 2016.

It will be so helpful to know what diabetes mellitus is and how to manage your blood glucose level to prevent the serious problems associated with diabetes mellitus. The more knowledge you have about diabetes mellitus the better you will be able to manage it for a healthy life. I will entreat you to share this information with everyone to equip them with the necessary knowledge about diabetes mellitus and its management.

WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs as a result of increased blood glucose levels beyond the normal level.

Mellitus is a Latin name for “honey sweet”. The disease was identified by some Indian physicians and described as ‘honey urine’ because the urine was said to attracts ants.

Before you eat your blood glucose levels should range from 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L (72 to 99 mg/dL). Two hours after eating your blood glucose levels should range from 5.4 to 7.8 mmol/L (99 to 140 mg/dL). Above this means that you have prediabetes or diabetes.

Almost all the food we eat is converted into glucose to be used by the body as fuel to obtain energy. Glucose is made in the liver and the muscles. The pancreas is an organ located between the stomach and the spine and helps in the digestion of food.

The pancreas releases a hormone called insulin that transports blood glucose to the body tissues and cells to be used as fuel for energy.

High blood glucose means that the pancreas is not producing enough insulin or the insulin produced is not sensitive to the body cells and tissues leading to diabetes or prediabetes.

Prediabetes is when the blood glucose level increases but not to a level that can cause diabetes. That is from 5.5 to 6.9 mmol/L or 100 to 125 mg/dl before food and 7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L or 140 to 199 mg/dl two hours after food. Above this range means that you have diabetes mellitus.

If you have prediabetes the chances of getting type two diabetes, stroke and heart disease are higher. You can delay or prevent type two diabetes and you can even return to normal blood glucose levels without taking any medicines only if you maintain a regular daily exercise and a healthy diet plan.

Having too much blood glucose for a long period can damage parts of the body such as the heart, blood vessels, kidney, eye and nerves.

WHAT CAUSES DIABETES MELLITUS?

Improper diet plan. Excessive intake of carbohydrate ‑ containing foods such as cassava, maize, rice, etc. increases the blood glucose levels since carbohydrates are mainly converted into glucose to be used by the body cells and tissues as fuel.

Such foods should be eaten moderately. It is therefore advisable to consume more of proteins and vegetables.

Indigestion leading to weight gain. Sleeping just after eating leads to improper digestion leaving the body with no option but to convert the undigested food into fats which are stored in the tissues of the body. Excess fats in the body causes insulin resistance. Insulin transports blood glucose to the body tissues and cells to be used as fuel.

Lack of regular exercise. Exercise helps to regulate weight gain by burning fats in the body.

Family diabetes history. Research has shown that individuals affected with diabetes have at least one close member of a particular family with the disease such as parents, therefore it is advisable to know your family history. If your family history shows consistency of diabetes, then there is a probability of you having diabetes.

HOW DO YOU PREVENT DIABETES MELLITUS?

Consult a dietician to plan a healthy eating plan for you and ensure that the eating plan is followed every day.

Maintain a regular exercise every day to be physically active.

Regularly check your blood glucose level every day. If possible, acquire the blood glucose checking device(glucometer) and the test strips as well for regular checking.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS?

The signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus are:

Sometimes individuals might not develop any of the above signs and symptoms so the only way to know is to constantly check your blood glucose level at the community pharmacy or hospital or better still acquire the glucose checking device(glucometer) at home for regular checking.

WHAT IS TYPE ONE DIABETES MELLITUS?

Sometimes the body’s immune system which is supposed to protect the body from virus, bacteria and other harmful substances attacks the body and damages certain cells and tissues in the body.

In type one diabetes mellitus the immune system destroys the cells that make insulin. Research is still ongoing to actually understand why the immune system sometimes attacks and damages the body.

HOW DO YOU TREAT TYPE ONE DIABETES MELLITUS?

Taking injections of insulin.

Regular exercise.

Checking your diet or consulting a dietician.

Controlling your blood pressure levels (blood pressure is the force of blood flow inside your vessels) by reducing stress, controlling your cholesterol levels etc.

Note that you must always eat before injecting your insulin to prevent hypoglycemia (low levels of blood glucose).

This is because the injected insulin immediately transport blood glucose to the body cells and tissues so if you inject the insulin on an empty stomach your blood glucose level will drop below normal which is very dangerous.

WHAT IS TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

In type two diabetes the pancreas does not make enough insulin and the little insulin produced by the pancreas is not sensitive to the body cells and tissues causing the blood glucose levels to increase beyond normal.

HOW DO YOU TREAT TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

Taking medications such as glibenclamide (daonil), glimepiride (amaryl), gliclazide (diamicron), etcto cause the pancreas to produce more insulin and also metformin to cause the insulin to be sensitive to the body cells and tissues.

Drinking a lot of water to prevent dehydration since there is frequent urination. This is because the kidney eliminates more of the blood glucose through urine.

Controlling your blood cholesterol levels by seeking help from a dietician to design a food menu to reduce your blood cholesterol.

Controlling your blood pressure by reducing stress and undertaking regular exercise.

Note to always take your medicines after food or with food and eat always. Do not wait to be hungry or thirsty before eating or drinking water to prevent hypoglycemia (low levels of blood glucose) and dehydration (loss of water).

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LOW LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE?

Signs that show an individual’s blood glucose levels are low (hypoglycemia) include:

Excessive hunger.

Dizziness or shakiness.

Confusion.

Being pale

Body weakness.

Excessive Sweating.

Anxiety and moodiness.

Headaches.

Rapid heartbeat.

Unexplained weight loss.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HIGH LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE?

Body weakness.

Headaches.

Confusion.

Excessive thirst.

Frequent urination.

Blurred vision.

Difficulty concentrating.

Slow healing wounds.

WHAT IS GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes mellitus is an increased level of blood glucose of a pregnant woman beyond normal.

Gestational diabetes mellitus normally goes away after birth.

In some cases, women who developed gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy are at risk of getting type two diabetes mellitus.

This is because during pregnancy, hormones are produced which causes insulin resistance.

A baby born to a woman who develop gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is at risk of developing type two diabetes mellitus and also becoming obese.

WHAT CAUSES GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Lack of healthy diet plan. Generally pregnant women consume a lot of food due to increased levels of appetite. Not following a healthy diet plan increases the blood glucose level beyond normal causing gestational diabetes mellitus.

Insulin resistance during pregnancy. All women have insulin resistance late in their pregnancy. This is because naturally pregnant women produce hormone which causes insulin resistance.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes may not have any symptoms or the symptoms may be mild such as:

Excessive urinating,

Being thirstier than normal.

WHY MUST YOU TREAT YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS BEFORE GETTING PREGNANT?

It is advisable to maintain your blood glucose to a normal level for your safety and that of the baby before getting pregnant. High blood glucose can harm your baby during the first week of pregnancy even before knowing.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a baby’s organs such as heart, lung, brain, kidney, start forming during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. Therefore:

High blood glucose levels can be harmful during this early stage and can increase the chance that your baby will have birth defects such as heart defects or defects of the brain or spine.

High blood glucose levels during pregnancy will increase the chance of your baby being born early, increase the weight of your baby or have breathing problems or low blood glucose right after birth.

Also high blood glucose levels can increase the chance of having miscarriage or still birth. Still birth is when the baby dies in the womb during the second trimester of the pregnancy.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes mellitus can be managed by checking your diet to reduce weight before getting pregnant.

Regular exercise before and during pregnancy; if not then medicines are used for effective results.

WHAT PROBLEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH UNCONTROLLED GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes mellitus can lead to problems for both the mother and the baby.

Below are some of the problems that uncontrolled gestational diabetes can bring to the baby and the mother.

Baby

The baby can develop low blood glucose after birth. This is due to high insulin production in the baby. Intravenous glucose solutions can be used to bring the baby’s blood glucose levels to normal.

The baby grows very large. High blood glucose levels cause the baby’s pancreas to make excess insulin to transport glucose to the cells and tissues of the body. Such babies require cesarean section to be removed.

The baby can die before or shortly after birth.

Babies of mothers who developed gestational diabetes are at risk of developing type two diabetes later in life.

Mother

Pregnant women who once developed gestational diabetes in one pregnancy are likely to have it again in other pregnancies and even develop type two diabetes later in life.

Gestational diabetes causes preeclampsia. This is a condition characterized by high blood pressure.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS?

Managing your diabetes mellitus is very important for a prolonged life. Below are some of the things to do as a diabetic patient.

Take your diabetes drugs regularly and on time.

Purchase the blood glucose level checking machine (glucometer) to constantly check your blood glucose level. There is a table below illustrating the blood glucose ranges and the meaning.

Maintain a healthy diet plan. Consult your dietician to design a healthy diet plan for you.

Do not wait to be thirsty before you drink water to prevent dehydration. Constantly drink a reasonable quantity of water at every point in time throughout the day. This is because as a diabetic patient your kidney constantly gets rid of the elevated levels of blood glucose causing you to urinate frequently losing a lot of water.

Do not wait to be hungry before you eat. Antidiabetic drugs cause insulin to transport blood glucose to the cells and tissues to be used as fuel for energy.

Therefore, you need to eat at every point in time throughout the day to prevent low levels of blood glucose(hypoglycemia).

Note: food without antidiabetic drugs, your blood glucose level as a diabetic patient becomes extremely high, antidiabetic drugs without food drops your blood glucose level below normal causing low levels of blood glucose which is very dangerous. Therefore, food and antidiabetic drugs are needed to manage your diabetes.

Maintain a regular daily exercise to prevent accumulation of fluid in your body parts such as your legs. This is because diabetes causes poor blood circulation. When blood do not circulate well in your body they accumulate in your body parts causing other health problems. Exercise enhances blood circulation.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG TERM DIABETES MELLITUS?

If you have diabetes for a long time and you do not control your blood glucose level, you are likely to develop the problems associated with diabetes.

Therefore, it is advisable that as soon as you are diagnosed of diabetes, you should take the necessary measures to control your blood glucose level.

The measures are to have a healthy diet plan, regular exercise and take your drugs regularly for effective results.

If you are diagnosed of prediabetes, having a healthy diet plan and regular exercise is enough to stabilize your blood glucose level to normal.

Below are some of the problems associated with diabetes.

Kidney damage. The kidneys contain numerous tiny blood vessels that filter waste substance from the blood. Diabetes can damage these blood vessels causing severe kidney failure which requires immediate kidney transplant or dialysis.
Dialysis is a process where waste substances are filtered from the body through a machine. This is because the kidney is not capable of filtering the blood. The kidney is responsible for filtering waste substances that are not needed from the blood.

Eye damage. The eye has several blood vessels that nourishes the eye with blood. Diabetes can damage these blood vessels leading to blindness. Diabetes can also increase the risk of other eyes condition such as cataracts and glaucoma.

Skin conditions. Diabetes can make the skin vulnerable to skin infections.

Difficulty in hearing. Research is still ongoing to actually determine how diabetes cause difficulty in hearing but from the basic knowledge on how diabetes damages nerves, some theories suggest that diabetes destroys the blood vessels that supplies blood to the nerves of the ears. Depression. This is associated with both type one and two diabetes.

Nerve damage. Diabetes can damage the blood vessels that supplies blood to the nerves causing you to lose your sense of feeling.

Cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes damages the blood vessels and also slows down circulation by making the blood thicker than normal. This puts pressure on the heart to contract more in order to supply blood to all parts of the body causing heart attacks, edema (accumulation of fluid in the legs due to poor circulation) and stroke. Stroke because some of the body parts are deprived of blood.

Foot damage. Diabetes damages the blood vessels that supplies blood to the foot. This deprives the cells and tissues in the foot of blood destroying the cells and tissues in the foot.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS WHEN YOU ARE SICK?

When you are sick, your body’s defense system (immune system) fights against the pathogenic organisms (harmful organisms) that you have been infected with.

This causes your blood glucose levels to increase since more energy is needed by the body to get rid of the organism.

People who are sick sometimes are not able to eat leading to low levels of blood glucose which is very dangerous.

What to do in such situations:

Visit the community pharmacy or the hospital to receive immediate treatment.

Drink a lot of water to prevent dehydration. This is because the kidney gets rid of the excess glucose by producing more urine.

Try as possible to eat well. drink a lot of soup, yogurt etc.

Check your blood glucose level at least four times in a day and write down your results to be shown to your doctor.

Continue taking your diabetes medicine.

WHAT ARE THE LIST OF FOODS FOR BOTH TYPE ONE AND TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

To be able to maintain a healthy diet for your diabetes you should understand how different types of foods affect your blood glucose levels.

Carbohydrates in foods such as grain, bread, yam, cassava etc are broken down faster into blood glucose than any type of food raising the blood glucose levels.

Proteins and fats do not directly increase blood glucose but both must be eaten moderately to maintain calories and weight in a healthy range.

Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risks of developing several serious diseases; however, eating foods that help to maintain blood glucose levels can reduce the risks of developing serious complications.

Fish such as salmon is one of the healthiest foods. It is rich in omega 3 fatty acids which has great health benefits. These foods are very important for diabetics who are likely to develop heart diseases and stroke.

Leafy green vegetables are very nutritious and low in calories. They protect the eyes from macular degeneration and cataracts which are common diabetes complications.

Cinnamon can lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Eggs help to maintain blood glucose levels to normal. It also improves insulin sensitivity and several other health benefits. Always eat the whole egg because the yolk contains the nutrients for its health benefits.

Apple cider vinegar has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Garlic helps to lower blood glucose levels and other several health benefits.

NOTE: Include protein in every meal you eat Avoid processed foods.

Less of your diet should be made up of fats. Include vegetables etc Eat less carbohydrate‑containing foods.

Consult a dietician to help you with a food menu to suit your financial status.

WHAT ARE THE LIST OF FOODS TO AVOID AS A DIABETIC PATIENTS?
Sugary drinks.

French fries.

Processed meat.

Frozen pizza.

Potatoes.

Cornflakes and highly processed high
sugar cereals.

White bread.

Nachos.

White pasta.

Store bought cakes, cookies, and sweets.

Deep fried foods.

Canned vegetables and beans.

Deep fried meats, such as chicken wings.

Bacon.

Canned vegetables and beans.

Fatty dairy products, such as full fat yoghurt, cheese, and cream.

Blood glucose levels must be checked from time to time in order to maintain a normal blood glucose range.

It is advisable to have the glucometer (a device for checking blood glucose levels) at home for constant checking.

It is always important to take care of your diabetes because overtime diabetes can lead to serious problems with your blood vessels, heart, nerves, kidneys, mouth, eyes, and feet.

This can lead to amputation of the body parts such as toe, leg etc.

Corresponding Author: Caleb Doamekpor, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Ghana.

Mobile: 0248391417.

Email Address: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

Acknowledgements: This article was reviewed by peace doe, department of pharmacology and toxicology school of pharmacy central university, Ghana, Pharmacist Ellen Anthony-Williams and Pharmacist Emmanuel Fiadzorgbe, Top Up Retail Pharmacy, Ghana.

Reference: http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov retrieved on February 20, 2019. 9: 30 PM.

DIABETES MELLITUS

A healthy diet plan is needed for a diabetic to live long.

Episode four highlighted on the management of diabetes and the problems associated with long term diabetes mellitus.

Episode five which is the last but not least episode of diabetes mellitus will emphasize on the list of foods to eat as a diabetic and the list of foods that are not suitable for a diabetic and how to manage your diabetes when you are sick.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS WHEN YOU ARE SICK?

When you are sick, your body’s defense system (immune system) fights against the pathogenic organisms (harmful organisms) that you have been infected with.

This causes your blood glucose levels to increase since more energy is needed by the body to get rid of the organism.

People who are sick sometimes are not able to eat leading to low levels of blood glucose which is very dangerous.

What to do in such situations:

Visit the community pharmacy or the hospital to receive immediate treatment.

Drink a lot of water to prevent dehydration. This is because the kidney gets rid of the excess glucose by producing more urine.

Try as possible to eat well. drink a lot of soup, yogurt etc.

Check your blood glucose level at least four times in a day and write down your results to be shown to your doctor.

Continue taking your diabetes medicine.

WHAT ARE THE LIST OF FOODS FOR BOTH TYPE ONE AND TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

To be able to maintain a healthy diet for your diabetes you should understand how different types of foods affect your blood glucose levels.

Carbohydrates in foods such as grain, bread, yam, cassava etc are broken down faster into blood glucose than any type of food raising the blood glucose levels.

Proteins and fats do not directly increase blood glucose but both must be eaten moderately to maintain calories and weight in a healthy range.

Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risks of developing several serious diseases; however, eating foods that help to maintain blood glucose levels can reduce the risks of developing serious complications.

Fish such as salmon is one of the healthiest foods. It is rich in omega 3 fatty acids which has great health benefits. These foods are very important for diabetics who are likely to develop heart diseases and stroke.

Leafy green vegetables are very nutritious and low in calories. They protect the eyes from macular degeneration and cataracts which are common diabetes complications.

Cinnamon can lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Eggs help to maintain blood glucose levels to normal. It also improves insulin sensitivity and several other health benefits. Always eat the whole egg because the yolk contains the nutrients for its health benefits.

Apple cider vinegar has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.

Garlic helps to lower blood glucose levels and other several health benefits.

NOTE:

Include protein in every meal you eat

Avoid processed foods

Less of your diet should be made up of fats. Include vegetables etc

Eat less carbohydrate‑containing foods

Consult a dietician to help you with a food menu to suit your financial status.

WHAT ARE THE LIST OF FOODS TO AVOID AS A DIABETIC PATIENTS?

Sugary drinks.

French fries.

Processed meat.

Frozen pizza.

Potatoes.

Cornflakes and highly processed high sugar cereals.

White bread.

Nachos.

White pasta.

Store bought cakes, cookies, and sweets.

Deep fried foods.

Canned vegetables and beans.

Deep fried meats, such as chicken wings.

Bacon.

Canned vegetables and beans.

Fatty dairy products, such as full fat yoghurt, cheese, and cream.

Blood glucose levels must be checked from time to time in order to maintain a normal blood glucose range.

It is advisable to have the glucometer (a device for checking blood glucose levels) at home for constant checking.

It is always important to take care of your diabetes because overtime diabetes can lead to serious problems with your blood vessels, heart, nerves, kidneys, mouth, eyes, and feet. This can lead to amputation of the body parts such as toe, leg etc.

Corresponding Author: Caleb Doamekpor, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Ghana.

Mobile: 0248391417.

Email Address: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

Acknowledgements: This article was reviewed by peace doe, department of pharmacology and toxicology school of pharmacy central university, Ghana, Pharmacist Ellen Anthony-Williams and Pharmacist Emmanuel Fiadzorgbe, Top Up Retail Pharmacy, Ghana.

Reference: http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov retrieved on February 20, 2019. 9: 30 PM.

DIABETES MELLITUS

It will be so helpful to know what diabetes mellitus is and how to manage your blood glucose level to prevent the serious problems associated with diabetes mellitus.

The more knowledge you have about diabetes mellitus the better you will be able to manage it for a healthy life.

I will entreat you to share this information with everyone to equip them with the necessary knowledge about diabetes mellitus and its management.

Episode three emphasized on Gestational Diabetes.

Episode four will emphasize on the management of diabetes mellitus and the problems associated with long term diabetes.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS?

Managing your diabetes mellitus is very important for a prolonged life. Below are some of the things to do as a diabetic.

Take your diabetes drugs regularly and on time.

Purchase the blood glucose level checking machine (glucometer) to constantly check your blood glucose level.

Maintain a healthy diet plan. Consult your dietician to design a healthy diet plan for you.

Do not wait to be thirsty before you drink water to prevent dehydration. Constantly drink a reasonable quantity of water at every point in time throughout the day. This is because as a diabetic your kidney constantly gets rid of the elevated levels of blood glucose causing you to urinate frequently losing a lot of water.

Do not wait to be hungry before you eat. Antidiabetic drugs cause insulin to transport blood glucose to the cells and tissues to be used as fuel for energy.

Therefore, you need to eat at every point in time throughout the day to prevent low levels of blood glucose(hypoglycemia).

Note: food without antidiabetic drugs, your blood glucose level as a diabetic becomes extremely high, antidiabetic drugs without food drops your blood glucose level below normal causing low levels of blood glucose which is very dangerous. Therefore, food and antidiabetic drugs are needed to manage your diabetes.

Maintain a regular daily exercise to prevent accumulation of fluid in your body parts such as your legs. This is because diabetes causes poor blood circulation. When drugs do not circulate well in your body they accumulate in your body parts causing other health problems. Exercise enhances blood circulation.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Globally an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes mellitus according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016.

Episode two highlighted on type one diabetes, type two diabetes and the signs and symptoms of low and high blood glucose levels.

Episode three will highlight on gestational diabetes.

Let us emphasize on episode three.

WHAT IS GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes mellitus is an increased level of blood glucose of a pregnant woman beyond normal.

Gestational diabetes mellitus
normally goes away after birth. In some cases, women who developed gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy are at risk of getting type two diabetes mellitus.

This is because during pregnancy, hormones are produced which causes insulin resistance.

A baby born to a woman who develop gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is at risk of developing type two diabetes mellitus and also becoming obese.

WHAT CAUSES GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Lack of healthy diet plan. Generally pregnant women consume a lot of food due to increased levels of appetite. Not following a healthy diet plan increases the blood glucose level beyond normal causing gestational diabetes mellitus.

Insulin resistance during pregnancy. All women have insulin resistance late in their pregnancy. This is because naturally pregnant women produce hormone which causes insulin resistance.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes may not have any symptoms or the symptoms may be mild such as:

Excessive urinating,

Being thirstier than normal.

WHY MUST YOU TREAT YOUR DIABETES MELLITUS BEFORE GETTING PREGNANT?

It is advisable to maintain your blood glucose to a normal level for your safety and that of the baby before getting pregnant. High blood glucose can harm your baby during the first week of pregnancy even before knowing.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a baby’s organs such as heart, lung, brain, kidney, start forming during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. Therefore:

High blood glucose levels can be harmful during this early stage and can increase the chance that your baby will have birth defects such as heart defects or defects of the brain or spine.

High blood glucose levels during pregnancy will increase the chance of your baby being born early, increase the weight of your baby or have breathing problems or low blood glucose right after birth.

Also high blood glucose levels can increase the chance of having miscarriage or still birth. Still birth is when the baby dies in the womb during the second trimester of the pregnancy.

HOW DO YOU MANAGE GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Gestational diabetes mellitus can be managed by checking your diet to reduce weight before getting pregnant.

Regular exercise before and during pregnancy; if not then medicines are used for effective results.

WHAT PROBLEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH UNCONTROLLED GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS?

Uncontrolled gestational diabetes mellitus can lead to problems for both the mother and the baby. Below are some of the problems that uncontrolled gestational diabetes can bring to the baby and the mother.

Baby

The baby can develop low blood glucose after birth. This is due to high insulin production in the baby. Intravenous glucose solutions can be used to bring the baby’s blood glucose levels to normal.

The baby grows very large. High blood glucose levels cause the baby’s pancreas to make excess insulin to transport glucose to the cells and tissues of the body. Such babies require cesarean section to be removed.

The baby can die before or shortly after birth.

Babies of mothers who developed gestational diabetes are at risk of developing type two diabetes later in life.

Mother

Pregnant women who once developed gestational diabetes in one pregnancy are likely to have it again in other pregnancies and even develop type two diabetes later in life.

Gestational diabetes causes preeclampsia. This is a condition characterized by high blood pressure.

Corresponding Author: Caleb Doamekpor, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Ghana.

Mobile: 0248391417.

Email Address: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

Acknowledgements: This article was reviewed by peace doe, department of pharmacology and toxicology school of pharmacy central university, Ghana, Pharmacist Ellen Anthony-Williams and Pharmacist Emmanuel Fiadzorgbe, Top Up Retail Pharmacy, Ghana.

Reference: http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov retrieved on February 20, 2019. 9: 30 PM.

Episode four will be released tomorrow, November 7, 2019 at 1: 00 pm.

Episode four will highlight on how to manage diabetes mellitus and the problems associated with long term diabetes.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Did you know as a diabetic you can live long and healthy when your diabetes is detected and well managed?

The first episode highlighted on what diabetes mellitus is, what causes diabetes mellitus, how to prevent diabetes mellitus and the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Episode Two will highlight on type one diabetes, type two diabetes and signs and symptoms of low and high blood glucose levels.

Let us delve into Episode Two.

WHAT IS TYPE ONE DIABETES MELLITUS?

Type one diabetes mellitusmostly occurs in young people and can also occur in adults. Onset is usually below 30 years of age.

In this type of diabetes, the body does not make insulin or enough insulin. In this case exogenous insulin (insulin not produced in the body) is injected.

Sometimes the body’s immune system which is supposed to protect the body from virus, bacteria and other harmful substances attacks the body and damages certain cells and tissues in the body.

In type one diabetes mellitus the immune system destroys the cells that make insulin. Research is still ongoing to actually understand why the immune system sometimes attacks and damages the body.

HOW DO YOU TREAT TYPE ONE DIABETES MELLITUS?

Taking injections of insulin.

Regular exercise.

Checking your diet or consulting a dietician.

Controlling your blood pressure levels (blood pressure is the force of blood flow inside your vessels) by reducing stress, controlling your cholesterol levels etc.

Note that you must always eat before injecting your insulin to prevent hypoglycemia (low levels of blood glucose).

WHAT IS TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

Type two diabetes mellitus usually occurs in adults. However, people who are overweight and lack regular exercise are at risk of developing type two diabetes mellitus. Onset is usually above 40 years of age.

In type two diabetes the pancreas does not make enough insulin and the little insulin produced by the pancreas is not sensitive to the body cells and tissues causing the blood glucose levels to increase beyond normal.

HOW DO YOU TREAT TYPE TWO DIABETES MELLITUS?

Drinking a lot of water to prevent dehydration since there is frequent urination. This is because the kidney eliminates more of the blood glucose through urine.

Controlling your blood cholesterol levels by seeking help from a dietician to design a food menu to reduce your blood cholesterol.

Controlling your blood pressure by reducing stress and undertaking regular exercise.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LOW LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE?

Signs that show an individual’s blood glucose levels are low (hypoglycemia) include:

Excessive hunger.

Dizziness or shakiness.

Confusion.

Being pale

Body weakness.

Excessive Sweating.

Anxiety and moodiness.

Headaches.

Rapid heartbeat.

Unexplained weight loss.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HIGH LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE?

Body weakness.

Headaches.

Confusion.

Excessive thirst.

Frequent urination.

Blurred vision.

Difficulty concentrating.

Slow healing wounds.

Corresponding Author: Caleb Doamekpor, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Ghana.

Mobile: 0248391417.

Email Address: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

Reference: http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov retrieved on February 20, 2019. 9: 30 pm.

Episode Three will be released tomorrow, November 6, 2019 at 1: 00 pm.

Episode Three will highlight on gestational diabetes mellitus.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Did you know diabetes mellitus is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, lower limb amputation and stroke?

Globally an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes mellitus according to the world health organization (WHO) 2016.

WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs as a result of increased blood glucose levels beyond the normal level.

Mellitus is a Latin name for “honey sweet”. The disease was identified by some Indian physicians and described as ‘honey urine’ because the urine was said to attracts ants.

The pancreas releases a hormone called insulin that transports blood glucose to the body tissues and cells to be used as fuel for energy.

High blood glucose means that the pancreas is not producing enough insulin or the insulin produced is not sensitive to the body cells and tissues leading to diabetes or prediabetes.

Having too much blood glucose for a long period can damage parts of the body such as the heart, blood vessels, kidney, eye and nerves.

WHAT CAUSES DIABETES MELLITUS?

Improper diet plan. Excessive intake of carbohydrate ‑ containing foods such as cassava, maize, rice, etc. increases the blood glucose levels since carbohydrates are mainly converted into glucose to be used by the body cells and tissues as fuel.

Such foods should be eaten moderately. It is therefore advisable to consume more of proteins and vegetables.

Indigestion leading to weight gain. Sleeping just after eating leads to improper digestion leaving the body with no option but to convert the undigested food into fats which are stored in the tissues of the body. Excess fats in the body causes insulin resistance. Insulin transports blood glucose to the body tissues and cells to be used as fuel.

Lack of regular exercise. Exercise helps to regulate weight gain by burning fats in the body.

HOW DO YOU PREVENT DIABETES MELLITUS?

Consult a dietician to plan a healthy eating plan for you and ensure that the eating plan is followed every day.

Maintain a regular exercise every day to be physically active.

Regularly check your blood glucose level every day. If possible, acquire the blood glucose checking device(glucometer) and the test strips as well for regular checking.

WHAT ARE OF THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS?

The signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus are:

Corresponding Author: Caleb Doamekpor, School of Pharmacy, Central University, Ghana.

Mobile: 0248391417.

Email Address: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

Acknowledgements: This article was reviewed by Peace Doe, department of pharmacology and toxicology school of pharmacy central university, Ghana, Pharmacist Ellen Anthony-Williams and Pharmacist Emmanuel Fiadzorgbe, Top Up Retail Pharmacy, Ghana.

Reference: http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov retrieved on February 20, 2019. 9: 30 PM.

Episode Two will be released tomorrow, November 5, 2019 at 1: 00 pm.

Episode two will highlight on Type one diabetes, Type two diabetes and the signs and symptoms of low and high blood glucose levels.

ALCOHOL, GOOD OR BAD?

READ THIS ARTICLE CAREFULLY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION ALCOHOL, GOOD OR BAD?

We are in a world where people are ignorant of their health especially the youth. Due to the increasing alcoholic beverages in the system today, the youth especially have taken advantage of that to consume alcohol without knowing the health implications associated with its intake. With this introduction you can predict my stand pertaining to the question ALCOHOL, GOOD OR BAD. I do not know your stand but whatever your answer is I would entreat you to read this article to educate yourself and others on the intake of ALCOHOL.

This information has been simplified to suit the layman’s perspective about alcohol. Alcohol’s effects on the body starts from the moment you take the first sip. The intake of alcohol is very harmful to your health even though many people take alcohol for several reasons, it has both short term and long term effects on the human body.In this article you will get to understand the effects alcohol has on the body.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ALCOHOL

Alcohol is a depressant meaning that when it reaches the brain, it slows down the body’s systems.When you drink alcohol or alcoholic beverages, it is absorbed through the stomach and enters the blood stream.

The liver is an organ which helps break down harmful substances including alcohol into harmless by products and clears it from the body.

The liver can only break down a certain amount of alcohol at a time but when it becomes too much for the liver to break down, the blood alcohol levels rises causing severe symptoms of toxicity. If the levels become toxic to the body, it can cause loss of consciousness and even death.

Alcohol is very addictive(dependence) and it is of high tolerance to the body. Reducing the amount of alcohol, you consume a day or taking it moderately is still dangerous.

Since alcohol is very addictive(dependence) and of high tolerance, the body’s demand for it increases in order to experience the same effect when it was first taken. This compels the user to increase the quantity.

For example, if the user consumes one bottle of alcohol daily, when the user develops tolerance,in order to experience the same effect, he or she has to consume two or more bottles of alcohol daily. This will gradually increase the levels of alcohol in the body beyond which the body can tolerate.

So the best advice is to abstain from alcohol.

The term alcohol dependence is used in most report of alcohol abuses and has generally replaced the term alcohol addiction.

Alcohol addiction (alcohol dependence): This is when an alcoholic person requires continuous administration of alcohol to prevent a characteristic set of withdrawal syndrome(the unpleasant physical reactions that follow ceasing the intake of alcohol).

Alcohol tolerance: This is when the body is used to the effects of alcohol so that larger quantities must be taken to obtain the same effect produced by smaller quantities when it was first taken.

Alcohol affects almost every organ in the body. It can push the liver into a diseased state, cause cardiac or heart dysfunction, precipitate anemia etc.

Now let’s delve more into the diseases caused by alcohol.

SOME OF THE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL

Cirrhosis of the liver
Pancreatitis
Cancer
Ulcers and gastrointestinal problems
Immune system dysfunction
Brain damage

HOW DOES ALCOHOL AFFECT THE LIVER?

Harmful substances in the body are broken down and filtered out by the liver. The liver also converts vitamins, nutrients, and medicines into substances that can be used by the body.

Almost ninety percent of alcohol consumed is processed by the liver. The remaining ten percent leaves the body through sweat, urine and breathing.

The liver can only process a certain quantity of alcohol within a period of time. When excess quantity of alcohol is consumed, the unprocessed alcohol circulates through the blood and starts affecting the brain and the heart as a result of toxicity. This leads to the destruction of liver cells which results in scarring of the liver(cirrhosis), alcoholic hepatitis and cellular mutation causing cancer. The scarring can completely invade the liver causing it to be hard and nodular which is known as liver cirrhosis.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF A LIVER DISEASE?

Dark urine
Itchy skin
Fatigue
Discolored stool
Nausea and vomiting
Yellowish skin and eyes (jaundice)
Swelling in legs

NOTE: LIVER DISEASE CAUSED BY ALCOHOL CAN BE REVERSED BY STOPPING THE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL.

HOW DOES ALCOHOL AFFECTS THE PANCREAS?

The intake of alcohol can lead to pancreatitis which is a painful inflammation of the pancreas.The pancreas is a gland which is part of the digestive system and produces insulin and other important enzymes and hormones that help to break down food.

Alcohol causes abnormal activation of digestive enzymes (chemicals) produced by the pancreas. Buildup of these chemicals can lead to inflammation of the pancreas. It can become a long term condition and cause serious complications.

The pancreas helps to regulate the body’s insulin response to glucose. Improper functioning of the pancreas can lead to high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to the reduced levels of insulin as a result of the diseased pancreas leading to diabetes.

Insulin transport blood glucose to the body cells and tissues. When the pancreas is damaged totally, it means that there is no production of insulin;therefore, the blood glucose levels will increase (hyperglycemia). That is why diabetic patients must not take alcohol. In my next blog I will delve more into diabetes.

HOW DOES ALCOHOL CAUSES CANCER?

The intake of alcohol can increase the risk of developing different cancers such as mouth, esophagus, larynx, stomach, liver, colon, and breast cancer.Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.

According to the National Cancer Institute, researchers have hypothesized multiple ways that alcohol may increase the risk of cancer including:

Breaking down of alcohol in alcoholic drinks by the liver to (acetaldehyde) a toxic chemical and also a substance that is capable of causing cancer(carcinogenic).

Impairing the body’s ability to break down and absorb a variety of nutrients that may be associated with the risk of cancer, including vitamin A; nutrients in the vitamin B complex, suchas folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and carotenoids.

Generating reactive oxygen species, a chemical which is very toxic to the body.

Increasing blood levels of estrogen; a sex hormone linked with the risk of breast cancer.

HOW DOES ALCOHOL CAUSE ULCERS AND GASTROINTESTINIAL PROBLEMS?

The intake of alcohol can cause several problems such as heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), stomach ulcers, and inflammation of the stomach lining, known as gastritis.

Alcohol penetrates the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and exerts its toxic effects, causing severe damage to the GIT which can lead to dangerous internal bleeding.

Gastric acid is produced in the stomach, and aids in the digestion of food in the stomach. Alcohol interferes with gastric acid secretion in the stomach causing the gastric acid to be over- secreted.

Over- secretion of gastric acid damages the stomach lining or gastric mucosa. It is one of the aggressive forces leading to ulcers such as peptic ulcer (a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine).

HOW DOES ALCOHOL CAUSE IMMUNE SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION?

The intake of alcohol weakens the immune system exposing it to several infectious diseases such as pneumonia etc.

Alcohol causes changes in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets which are responsible for immunity.

Alcohol suppresses the body’s production of white blood cells which are responsible for fighting against harmful (pathogenic) organisms in the body.

HOW DOES ALCOHOL AFFECT THE BRAIN?

I hope you now have your answer with regards to the question ALCOHOL, GOOD OR BAD?

Alcohol affects the brain causing blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty in walking and impaired memory.

Some of these impairment can be detected after taking one or two drinks and quickly resolves when the drinking stops.

Exactly how alcohol affects the brain and the likelihood of reversing the impact of heavy drinking on the brain is still under study.

From the National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism(NIAAA), people who have been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time run the risk of developing serious and persistent changes in the brain.

Damage may be as a result of direct effect of alcohol in the brain or may result indirectly from a poor general health status or severe liver disease.

Thiamine deficiency is a common occurrence in people with alcoholism and results from overall poor nutrition. Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient required by all tissues, including the brain.

Drinking during pregnancy can lead to a range of physical, learning and behavioural effects of the developing brain. The most serious is a collection of symptoms known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome(FAS).

FAS infants also are markedly smaller than average. Their brains may have less volume. They may have fewer number of brain cells(neurons) or fewer neurons that are unable to function correctly, leading to long term problems in learning and behaviour.

The intake of alcohol is very dangerous to our health and I will entreat everyone to avoid its intake.

Aside alcohol being harmful to our health, it has a great cost on the individual and the society.

It causes increase in crime and violence.
Increase in rising in medical cost through expensive rehabilitation and treatment programs.
It causes increase in taxes to pay for the rehabilitation programs.
lowers productivity and causes loss of creative potentials.

Abstain from alcohol for a healthy and a productive life.

Please follow, like and share to educate the world.

WRITTEN BY:

CALEB DOAMEKPOR, SCHOOL OF PHARMACY, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, GHANA.

MOBILE: 0248391417

Email: doamekporcaleb@gmail.com

DRUGS AND TIME

DID YOU KNOW SOME OF THE DEATHS WORLDWIDE IS DUE TO MEDICATION ERRORS BY PATIENTS?

My greatest concern for patients is to experience the best efficacy of drugs.

Ensuring medicines are used safely is a vital need in the effectiveness of a medication since some of the unplanned admissions to hospitals are due to medication errors by patients.

This information has been simplified to suit the layman’s perspective and to help patients to have basic knowledge about drugs and how to administer them to attain best results. As time is very significant in the day to day activities of man, so it is important in the administration of drugs to achieve desirable results.

WHAT ARE MEDICINES?

WHY DO WE ADMINISTER MEDICINES?

Medicines are administered in order to:

Treat a disease or illness

Prevent a disease or illness

Diagnose a disease or condition

Keep you healthy
Alleviate the symptoms of a disease or condition

Modify bodily function

WHY IS TIME SO IMPORTANT IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES?

Efficacy of a drug is the ability of the drug to produce its desired effects. The efficacy of drugs is dependent on how the drugs are administered of which TIME IS A KEY FACTOR.

Time is a key factor in the administration of drugs; therefore, for drugs to produce their highest efficacy, they must be administered on time which must be very consistent until the last dose of the drug is used. When a drug is administered; for example, a drug like paracetamol tablet 500mg, it undergoes a series of processes in the body to produce its desired effects which include; absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.

Absorption: The prescribed drug is absorbed from the site of administration such as the oral route(mouth)which permits the entry of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient(API) into the blood plasma. Basically, it is the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. Using the cited example which is paracetamol tablet 500mg, when taken is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract (which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines).

Distribution: The extent to which the administered drug will spread within the body. Example paracetamol is distributed through most tissues and fluids.

Metabolism: It is the process by which the body breaks down the administered drug into its active and inactive components. Example paracetamol is extensively metabolized in the liver.

Elimination: The volume of blood cleared of the drug per unit time, hence the amount of the administered drug that leaves the body after sometime. Example Paracetamol is excreted through the kidneys in the urine.

Drugs must be taken on TIME to ensure that an effective quantity of it is always present in the body until the last dose of the drug is used. When drugs are not administered on time, the levels in the blood can be too low to effectively stop the organism (bacteria, virus etc) from multiplying. As a result, it enables the organism to be resistant to the effects of the drug. The levels of the administered drug in the blood can also be too high leading to toxicity.

Dosing times must always be noted; such as every 24hours, a drug needs to be taken once (example at 8:00 AM) daily, every 12hours, a drug needs to be taken twice (example at 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM) daily, every 8hours, a drug needs to be taken three times (example at 6:00 AM, 2:00 PM and 10:00 PM) daily, every 6hours a drug needs to be taken four times (example at 6:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 6:00 PM and 12:00 AM) daily and the time must be maintained until the last dose of the drug is used for effective results even if you have to set an alarm and wake up to make sure you follow the schedule stated by your pharmacist.

The most important thing to do is to maintain the dose interval such as 24hours, 12hours, 8hours etc; but the time must be scheduled by the pharmacist or physician to suit the patient.

WHAT IS HALF-LIFE OF A DRUG?

These are additional information to know about drugs such as paracetamol tablet 500mg.

When a drug is administered, the body in its own way tries to clear the drug from the blood. Drugs are manufactured in such a way that before the body tries to clear the drug from the blood, the drug has already exerted its effects. This is what half-life is about.

Every drug has a half-life which is the time needed for clearance of HALF (50%) of the drug from the body after the drug has been administered.

For the example cited which is paracetamol tablet 500mg, it has a half-life of 1 to 4 hours after administration, which means that after the administration of paracetamol tablet 500mg and within 1 to 4 hours of administration, half of the drug will be cleared from the blood through the kidneys in the urine. Half-life is specific for every drug.

The half-life of some drugs can be 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours or even 24hours. For an administered drug to produce a desired effect, the dose interval must be noted and must be consistent from dose to dose.

From the above explanation it shows that when drugs are not administered on time it can affect how the drug will work in the body which may be very dangerous to the health of the individual.

Example paracetamol tablet 500mg is prescribed for a patient to take two tablets 8hourly (three times daily) and the pharmacist or physician has scheduled a time to suite the patient such as 6:00 AM, 2:00 PM and 10:00 PM to maintain the 8hours interval but the patient does not obey the scheduled time and takes the drug anyhow say at 6:00AM, 10:00AM and 2:00PM, since the first dose of the drug has not been completely cleared from the body there will be accumulation of the drug in the blood causing toxicity which may affect the health of the individual.

Note that if you forget a dose; take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is close to the time of your next dose, skip the next dose and resume your schedule. Always remember not to double the next dose because it can cause severe side effects or can even lead to death.

This shows that time in the administration of drugs is integral for its efficacy.

WHY ARE SOME DRUGS LABELLED AFTER MEALS, BEFORE MEALS, AVOID ALCOHOL AND MILK?

After meals: Due to the irritating nature of some drugs, they are taken after food to reduce the irritation which could lead to indigestion, stomach inflammation or ulcers. Aside that, some medications require food in the stomach and the gut for the body to absorb them properly. For example, drugs for diabetes such as metformin, should be taken after food.
Before meals: Some drugs are taken before food or on an empty stomach because food can affect the efficacy of the drugs such as the absorption of the drugs making them less effective. Some foods can interact with drugs either by increasing or decreasing the amount of drug in the blood to potentially dangerous levels or levels that are too low to be effective.

Avoid milk when taking some antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. Calcium in dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt etc, can interfere with drugs. Calcium will bind to drugs or antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and prevent absorption into the body.

Avoid alcohol when taking drugs such as antibiotics example ciprofloxacin, sedatives example diazepam, antidepressants example fluoxetine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) of which many people know as painkillers example ibuprofen.

Alcohol as a depressant, affects how the brain works. Drugs such as diazepam affect the way the brain works, so taking alcohol with such drugs will increase the sedative effect of both causing dizziness. Sometimes it could also affect the way the brain responds to the drug making it less effective. Alcohol also affects the way drugs are absorbed in the body and broken down in the liver. If alcohol is consumed, the liver produces enzymes or chemicals to get rid of the alcohol faster and the same enzyme can breakdown the drugs making it less effective or causing the drug not to produce the desired effects.

Alcohol with antibiotics such as metronidazole and tinidazole can lead to nausea, vomiting, flushing of the skin, accelerated heart rate or shortness of breath. This is because they can interfere with the breakdown of alcohol leading to severe side effects.

Alcohol increases the production of gastric acid in the stomach which can lead to inflammation of the stomach lining and can cause ulcer. Taking alcohol with NSAIDS such as ibuprofen which also has a side effect of ulcer can lead to severe damaging of the stomach lining and intensifying those effects.

WHY YOU MUST AVOID THE OVERDOSE, UNDER DOSE AND SELF MEDICATION OF DRUGS?

Most patients tend to ignore the advice of their pharmacist or physician concerning the use of their medications, so they end up increasing the dose (quantity) or reducing the dose for their own reasons of which I may not know but maybe the medications are too many for them to use or they think increasing the dose will give them a quick relief meanwhile they do not understand how drugs works in the body.

Drug overdose: Drug overdose is when the dose of a prescribed drug is increased beyond which must be administered at a time or daily.

Patients sometimes double the dose of their medications so that they can actually reduce the number of days they are supposed to administer the drug which is very dangerous to the health of the patient.

For example, a drug like paracetamol tablet 500mg is taken 1g four times daily meaning that the daily maximum dose for paracetamol tablet 500mg is 4g which is 8 tablets daily in four divided doses. Beyond this is going to cause toxicity which will lead to death if not rushed to the nearest hospital within 10hours.

Drug under-dose: This is when the dose of a prescribed drug is reduced below which must be administered at a time or on a daily basis and is very dangerous just as the overdose of the drug.

For example, drugs such as antibiotics example ciprofloxacin when taken below the stated normal dose can cause the bacteria to develop resistance to the drug.

This is because the quantity of the drug present in the blood plasma at every time is not enough to suppress or kill the bacteria. This is when patients complain that they have administered the drug several times but they are not obtaining the desired results.

Self-medication: This is the administration of drugs by patients to treat common illnesses without consulting a physician or a pharmacist.

Patients tend to administer drugs for a long period of time beyond the stated duration for which the drug should be administered.

Patients mostly abuse painkillers such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, diclofenac, naproxen etc which is very dangerous.

WHY SHOULD DRUGS BE STORED PROPERLY?